When Do Antibiotics Induce “Resistance”?

When Do Antibiotics Induce “Resistance”?

Topical ocular antibiotics induce bacterial resistance at extraocular sites.

AIM To compare the prevalence of antibiotic resistance found in nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae between villages treated with topical tetracycline or systemic azithromycin as part of a trachoma control programme. METHODS All children aged 1-10 years were offered either single dose oral azithromycin treatment (20 mg/kg) or a course of topical 1% tetracycline ointment, depending on the ...

When Do Types Induce the Same Belief Hierarchy?

Type structures are a simple device to describe higher-order beliefs. However, how can we check whether two types generate the same belief hierarchy? This paper generalizes the concept of a type morphism and shows that one type structure is contained in another if and only if the former can be mapped into the other using a generalized type morphism. Hence, every generalized type morphism is a h...

When Antibiotics Appear to Fail

he patient was a 17-year-old unmarried, primi-gravida who delivered via vacuum-assisted vaginal extraction two days previously. In the course of the delivery, a significant midline and extensive right lateral wall vaginal tear occurred. The patient was discharged on the first postpartum day; however, she represented herself to the clinic 24 h later with shaking chills, a temperature of 103.3F, ...

Bactericidal antibiotics induce programmed metabolic toxicity

The misuse of antibiotics has led to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance in clinically important pathogens. These resistant infections are having a significant impact on treatment outcomes and contribute to approximately 25,000 deaths in the U.S. annually. If additional therapeutic options are not identified, the number of annual deaths is predicted to rise to 317,000 in North A...